




Major reform in campaign finance / donation transparency — if laws tighten, anonymity and dark-money flows shrink.
|
Name / Network |
Why They Endure /What Makes Them Resilient |
|---|---|
|
Sixteen Thirty Fund (and affiliated Arabella Advisors funds) |
Long-standing “dark money” powerhouse for the left. Provides fiscal-sponsorship and funding to many progressive causes and campaigns. As a 501(c)(4) nonprofit, it can channel money — often anonymously — into activism, ballot initiatives, and elections. Wikipedia+1 |
|
Berger Action Fund (network tied to Swiss billionaire support of progressive causes) |
Serves as a major donor funnel for progressive policy agendas. Its role shows how international money and large-scale philanthropy can influence U.S. politics regardless of which party is in charge. Wikipedia+1 |
|
Priorities USA Action |
One of the largest Democratic-leaning super PACs. Has shown flexibility in shifting strategy (e.g. moving toward digital campaigning rather than just TV ads), which suggests institutional agility in changing political climates. Wikipedia |
|
American Bridge 21st Century |
A major liberal opposition-research and election campaign group—effective at media and messaging work. Such infrastructures are portable: no matter who’s in power, they can redirect resources toward oversight, opposition, or new causes. Wikipedia |
|
Tides Foundation / Tides Network |
A long-standing donor-advised fund and fiscal-sponsorship network. Its versatile structure lets wealthy donors fund causes under the radar — meaning it can remain influential regardless of which party holds power. Wikipedia+1 |
|
Major Conservative Mega-Donors (e.g. Richard Uihlein & family, Scaife-linked foundations, etc.) |
These “big-money backers” have deep pockets and substantial influence on think tanks, policy-planning networks, and regulatory lobbying. Their funds tend to follow structural interests (tax law, business regulation, corporate incentives) — which can often survive major party shifts. DeSmog+2The Good Men Project+2 |
|
Embedded Think Tanks and Policy Networks (e.g. Heritage Foundation, Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI), and other longtime policy infrastructure) |
These institutions provide long-term ideological frameworks, produce research, influence judiciary nominations, shape legislation drafts — and have memberships, staffs, and networks that outlast electoral cycles. DeSmog+1 |
|
Financial-industry donors and Super-PAC backers (e.g. Kenneth C. Griffin, other hedge-fund and Wall Street funders) |
Money from big finance often plays both ends: campaign donations, policy lobbying, influence over regulation. Because their interest is often stability, deregulation, and favorable economic policy — not always party ideology — they can pivot if a left administration offers similar benefits. Fiscal Report+1 |
| Leonard Leo | Arabella Advisors |
|---|---|
| Builds and steers a network | Builds and steers a network |
| Operates mostly out of public view | Operates mostly out of public view |
| Uses nonprofits and fiscal vehicles | Uses nonprofits and fiscal vehicles |
| Focuses on long-term institutional outcomes | Focuses on long-term institutional outcomes |
| Rarely the public face of campaigns | Rarely the public face of campaigns |
Arabella Advisors dissolved in late 2025 and transferred its services to Sunflower Services. That organizational change does not alter the relevance of what follows. This discussion focuses on the methods, structures, and influence models that operated under Arabella’s umbrella—models that continue to exist across the political spectrum regardless of name or branding.
If you’ve read about Leonard Leo and wondered whether there’s an equivalent force operating on the other side of the political spectrum, the short answer is: yes — but it looks different.
If you are unfamiliar with Leonard Leo then I suggest you read our brief on him, it will make my cross references here clearer.
Rather than centering on one highly visible figure, progressive influence has tended to operate through organizational networks. One of the most significant of those is Arabella Advisors.
This is not a critique or an endorsement. It’s an attempt to understand how modern political influence actually works.
Arabella Advisors is a for-profit consulting firm that specializes in managing and supporting nonprofit organizations and advocacy efforts. Its influence comes less from public messaging and more from infrastructure.
Arabella administers several large nonprofit funds, including:
The Sixteen Thirty Fund
The New Venture Fund
The Hopewell Fund
The Windward Fund
These funds act as fiscal sponsors, meaning they legally host and manage hundreds of projects that may not have their own independent nonprofit status.
In practical terms, this allows advocacy campaigns to:
Launch quickly
Share administrative resources
Receive funding efficiently
Operate under existing legal umbrellas
This structure is entirely legal and widely used across the nonprofit world.
Unlike traditional nonprofits with a single mission and brand, Arabella’s model supports many separate initiatives at once, often focused on:
Voting and election policy
Climate and environmental advocacy
Healthcare access
Judicial and legal reform
Democracy and governance issues
Most people encountering these efforts don’t see “Arabella” at all. They see:
A campaign name
A policy group
A ballot-issue committee
An issue-specific advocacy organization
That’s not secrecy — it’s organizational design.
Criticism of Arabella’s network usually centers on three issues:
1. Donor opacity
Some of the funds administered through the network do not publicly disclose individual donors, which raises concerns similar to those voiced about conservative dark-money groups.
2. Scale and coordination
Because many projects are housed under a small number of fiscal sponsors, critics argue this can concentrate influence in ways that are hard for the public to track.
3. Distance from local impact
National funding routed through professionalized networks can shape outcomes in local or state-level debates without local communities fully understanding where the support originated.
These concerns mirror critiques made of conservative influence networks — which is precisely why Arabella is worth understanding.
Supporters argue that Arabella’s structure:
Improves efficiency
Reduces administrative duplication
Allows rapid response to emerging issues
Helps smaller or newer causes compete in an expensive political environment
They also point out that conservative networks have used similar structures for decades — often more visibly and more successfully — and that progressive donors were slow to build comparable infrastructure.
Arabella Advisors isn’t the progressive version of a political party, a campaign, or a single leader.
It’s something subtler:
An influence platform — not for persuasion, but for coordination.
That makes it powerful, and it also makes it easy to misunderstand.
Just as Leonard Leo represents how conservative legal influence became institutionalized, Arabella represents how progressive advocacy adapted to a landscape where money, law, and organization matter as much as ideas.
Seeing Arabella Advisors clearly helps avoid two common mistakes:
Believing influence only flows from one side
Confusing infrastructure with ideology
Modern politics is less about speeches and more about systems — systems that decide which ideas get sustained, funded, and repeated over time.
Understanding those systems doesn’t require agreement.
It requires attention.
The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies (often called “FedSoc”) is a major American organization of conservative and libertarian lawyers, judges, law students, and scholars. Founded in 1982 by law students at Yale, Harvard, and the University of Chicago, it started as a way to challenge what its founders saw as dominant liberal ideas in law schools.Key Principles (straight from their mission):
It’s not a lobbying group or political party — it claims to be non-partisan and focuses on open debate. They host events, panels, and speeches with speakers from all sides (though most align conservative/libertarian).Structure:
Influence:
Critics say it’s too partisan and has shifted the courts rightward. Supporters say it promotes intellectual diversity and constitutional fidelity.The James Madison ConnectionThe society’s logo is a silhouette of James Madison (4th U.S. President, “Father of the Constitution,” co-author of The Federalist Papers). They see themselves as heirs to Madison’s ideas on limited government and checks and balances.
There is no separate major organization called the “Madison Society” directly paired with the Federalist Society. “Madison Society” refers to various unrelated groups (e.g., Second Amendment advocacy, university alumni clubs, or progressive counterparts like the American Constitution Society). The “Federalist and Madison Societies” likely refers to the Federalist Society’s strong ties to James Madison’s legacy.In short: The Federalist Society is the big player in conservative legal circles, proudly Madison-inspired. It’s all about debating ideas to keep government limited and judges neutral.For more: Visit fedsoc.org or read The Federalist Papers for the original inspiration!
You don’t need to follow these closely to get the point. Most of you already recognize the pattern.
During multiple Supreme Court nominations over the last decade, tens of millions of dollars were spent by groups with neutral-sounding names, many of them structured as nonprofits that do not disclose donors.
The ads weren’t about law — they were about emotion, fear, and identity.
The funding sources? Largely invisible.
Oh yeah.
In several states, outside money has flooded judicial elections — races most voters barely notice — because judges decide issues like tort law, environmental regulation, and labor disputes.
Small states. Big money. Quiet races.
Oh yeah.
Energy, mining, and real estate interests have repeatedly funded campaigns against local ballot initiatives — zoning rules, environmental protections, or tax measures — using PACs that make them look like grassroots efforts.
The campaign feels local.
The money often isn’t.
Oh yeah.
School board races and education policy fights increasingly attract outside funding from ideological organizations on both the right and the left — often routed through nonprofits that don’t disclose donors.
Parents think it’s a local debate.
The funding strategy was written elsewhere.
Oh yeah.
Ever see ads that say things like:
“Tell Senator X to protect freedom”
“Call Representative Y and demand action”
These often come from groups legally classified as issue advocacy, not campaigns — which allows them to spend heavily without revealing who’s paying.
Same effect. Different label.
Oh yeah.
In lower-population states, a few million dollars can completely reshape a political conversation — making them attractive targets for national organizations seeking influence at a bargain price.
Montana, Wyoming, the Dakotas, West Virginia — none of them are accidental.
Oh yeah.
Most people outside of Montana don’t think about Montana much — and that’s exactly the point.
Montana matters here not because it has all the answers, but because it raises a question many places are quietly facing:
What happens when a community tries to limit outside influence structurally instead of just complaining about it?
To ground that question in reality, here are two useful references:
Official proposed ballot text and description (Montana Secretary of State) — this is the government’s own page listing what the initiative says it would do. Montana Proposed 2026 Ballot Issues Page (Official Text & Summary)
Plain-language summary of the initiative statement — a concise version of what the amendment would change. Group Releases Text of Proposed Montana Constitutional Amendment to Curb Dark Money (Summary)
With those in hand, you can always look at the source language while reading this section.
The change in Montana law would simply not grant the corporations the power to give to candidates or causes, but would allow individuals to give, but those donations would be tracked.
The proposed legislation is the first-of-its-kind and takes a different approach to the problem of campaign finance in spending. For example, last year’s U.S. Senate race in Montana, which saw Republican Tim Sheehy beat incumbent Democrat Jon Tester, had more than $275 million spent in a state of roughly 1.2 million people.
“Basically, the only difference is that corporations won’t be able to spend in our elections,” Mangan said.
The specifics of the proposed constitutional amendment would carve out exceptions for organizations like political parties and even media organizations whose coverage could possibly run afoul of the amendment’s language.
“If a person wants to spend money, then they have to put their name on it. It’s full disclosure. That’s what this is all about,” Mangan said.
The Montana proposal — often referred to as the Montana Plan or the Transparent Election Initiative — is fundamentally different from traditional campaign finance reforms.
Instead of regulating spending directly, it would change the basic definition of what corporations and similar entities (“artificial persons”) are allowed to do in elections. In effect, it would:
Amend the state constitution to say corporations and other artificial entities have only the powers the constitution explicitly grants them.
Specifically ensure that corporations have no authority to spend money or anything of value on elections or ballot issues.
Leave open the possibility for political committees (not corporations) to spend money on elections.
Include enforcement provisions and severability clauses to protect parts of the law if others are ruled invalid. Montana Secretary of State+1
This isn’t the typical approach of saying “limit X amount” or “disclose Y.” It says, in essence:
If the state never gave a corporate entity the power to spend in politics in the first place, then it can’t do so now. Harvard Law Corporate Governance Forum
That’s why proponents describe it as a doctrine-based challenge to the framework established by Citizens United — not a straightforward campaign finance rule. Harvard Law Corporate Governance Forum
There are four big implications worth noting:
1. It reframes power, not just spending.
Instead of capping or reporting spending, it redefines who gets that power at all. That’s a deeper structural shift in how the political system treats corporations. Harvard Law Corporate Governance Forum
2. It acts at the level where consequences are visible.
When outside groups spend in small races or ballot campaigns, local voters often never see the circuit of influence. This initiative aims to shorten that circuit — even if imperfectly. Truthout
3. It shows how local contexts shape responses to national problems.
Dark money isn’t a national phenomenon only — it’s a distributed one, especially in low-attention environments like state and local elections. Montana’s approach reflects that reality. NonStop Local Montana
4. It illustrates why there’s “no one best fix.”
You’ll notice this proposal doesn’t:
Ban all political spending by wealthy individuals
Eliminate all influence from outside actors
End lobbying
And, according to some critics, may raise free speech or legal concerns if adopted wholesale Montana Free Press
What it does is test a structural lever that hasn’t been widely tried before: the state’s sovereign authority to grant or withhold corporate powers.
As of late 2025:
The Montana Attorney General has ruled the proposed initiative legally insufficient, arguing it combines multiple constitutional changes into one item and may affect more than a single subject. Montana Free Press
The organizers are planning to challenge that ruling and pursue placement on the 2026 ballot. Montana Free Press
This process — review, challenge, signature gathering — is itself part of what makes Montana a useful test case. It isn’t a finished story yet.
When you look at the initiative text and the summary together with your understanding of dark money and influence, here’s the clean takeaway:
Montana isn’t offering a pre-packaged solution.
It’s testing whether changing who can spend at all alters the dynamics of influence.
The state’s unique legal authority provides a laboratory for ideas that might be adapted elsewhere in different forms.
In other words:
Montana’s initiative isn’t the answer — it’s an experiment. Good data from experimentation — success or failure — gives other states something concrete to think with.

Why Simple Solutions Fail
Once people understand how dark money works, the next instinct is to ask:
“Why don’t we just ban it?”
That reaction is understandable — and it’s also where most discussions fall apart.
Political speech is protected broadly in the United States, not because it’s always noble, but because limiting it is dangerous. Any rule strong enough to silence bad actors is also strong enough to silence legitimate dissent.
That creates a hard tradeoff:
Regulate too lightly, and influence hides
Regulate too aggressively, and speech is chilled
There is no clean line that separates “acceptable” influence from “unacceptable” influence without collateral damage.
Money itself isn’t illegal. People are allowed to spend their own money advocating for causes they believe in.
The difficulty arises when:
Money becomes scalable
Influence becomes detached from consequences
The people paying don’t live with the outcomes
Banning money outright isn’t realistic. Limiting it too tightly just pushes it into new, often less visible channels.
Even well-written laws struggle in practice:
Agencies are underfunded
Rules are complex
Violations are hard to prove
Punishments arrive long after elections are over
By the time enforcement catches up, the decision has already been made.
The reason dark money persists isn’t because no one has tried to fix it. It’s because every fix runs into real-world constraints.
Understanding those constraints doesn’t mean giving up.
It means being honest about what’s possible.
That honesty is the starting point for any solution that has a chance of lasting.
If you want to understand dark money’s real power, don’t look first at presidential elections. Look at small states, local races, and low-visibility decisions.
That’s where the leverage is highest.
Influencing a national election is expensive and unpredictable.
Influencing a state legislature, regulatory board, court election, or ballot initiative is often:
Far cheaper
Less crowded with competing messages
Less scrutinized by media
More consequential per dollar spent
In smaller political ecosystems, a relatively modest amount of money can:
Shape the debate
Deter opposition
Make outcomes feel pre-decided
This isn’t because voters are uninformed. It’s because the volume of influence overwhelms the scale of the system.
Many of the most important decisions affecting national industries are made locally:
Resource extraction permits
Environmental standards
Tax structures
Judicial interpretations
Regulatory enforcement
Winning a single state-level fight can:
Set precedent
Reduce compliance costs elsewhere
Protect billions in downstream revenue
From that perspective, local politics isn’t small at all. It’s strategic.
If an organization openly said:
“We’re here to protect a distant financial interest that won’t bear the local costs”
…it would fail immediately.
So messaging focuses on:
Jobs
Growth
Stability
Freedom
Tradition
Safety
These themes are not fake. They resonate because they matter to people’s lives. The issue isn’t that they’re false — it’s that they’re partial.
What’s usually missing is:
Who benefits most
Who absorbs long-term costs
Who leaves when the damage is done
That information gap isn’t accidental. It’s essential to the strategy.
Over time, this kind of influence can:
Narrow the range of acceptable debate
Make opposition feel futile or extreme
Shift policy without visible public consent
The most important outcome often isn’t a single law or election result. It’s the normalization of decisions made with local consequences but remote beneficiaries.
That’s the point where influence becomes detached from accountability.
By now, three things should be clear:
Dark money is usually legal
It works best where attention is lowest
Its power comes from distance — not secrecy
The remaining question isn’t whether this system exists.
It’s whether communities should have the ability to limit how much invisible, outside influence their political systems can absorb.
Why Local Answers Matter More Than National Ones

If there is no single best fix, the next question becomes:
“At what level should we even try?”
The instinct in modern politics is to look upward — to Congress, the courts, or national leaders. But many of the problems tied to dark money don’t originate at the national level. They concentrate locally.
In reality, many of the National Initiatives actually originated at the local level, they are designed, implemented and evaluated locally before they are introduced on a National Level. Although what works here doesn’t work there is true. Money is spent wisely and pilot plans or test runs are judged in different environments.
One of the most outwardly confusing observations is why actions or interference will be implemented in one locality or region and not another. When this happens you must step back and follow either the money or the vote. We may be led to believe the new infrastructure is for the communities health, but will it still be supported when the oil fracking or coal mining, or.. or.. is no longer profitable to the corporation located many states away without any other financial ties to the local population.
National rules have to work everywhere:
In resource states and service economies
In rural communities and major cities
In places with very different risks and incentives
That forces compromise — and compromise often produces rules that are too blunt to be effective and too rigid to adapt.
Local and state systems, by contrast:
Have clearer lines of cause and effect
Face specific pressures rather than abstract ones
Can tailor responses to their own vulnerabilities
What works in one state may fail in another — and that’s not a flaw. It’s reality.
When decisions are made locally:
The people affected are easier to identify
The consequences are harder to ignore
The distance between influence and impact is shorter
That doesn’t eliminate outside pressure, but it makes it harder to hide.
Focusing on local solutions isn’t about shutting out the world or pretending states exist in a vacuum.
It’s about restoring balance:
National rules set guardrails
Local systems decide how much influence they can absorb
That balance is what federalism was designed to provide.
Once people understand what dark money is, the next question is obvious:
If this creates so many problems, why does it exist at all?
The short answer is not corruption or conspiracy.
The longer answer is classification.
U.S. election law draws a sharp line between:
Campaign activity (which is regulated and disclosed)
Issue advocacy (which is far less regulated)
If an organization explicitly tells you to:
“Vote for” or “Vote against” a candidate
…it is treated as a campaign and must disclose donors.
If it instead says:
“Support energy independence”
“Protect public safety”
“Stand up for local jobs”
“Defend parental rights”
…it may be classified as issue advocacy, even if the timing, targeting, and messaging clearly benefit one candidate or policy outcome.
That distinction is the foundation dark money is built on.
Many dark money organizations are nonprofits because nonprofits were never designed to function like political campaigns. They were meant to:
Promote causes
Educate the public
Advocate broadly for values
Over time, those purposes expanded — legally — to include political messaging that stops just short of explicit campaigning.
Once that door opened, the incentives became obvious:
Donors could influence politics without public scrutiny
Organizations could spend heavily without disclosure
Voters would see the message, but not the full context
Nothing about this requires bad actors. It works even when everyone is technically following the rules.
It’s tempting to think the solution is simple: require more disclosure.
The problem is that disclosure alone often fails in practice because:
Information is scattered across filings few people read
Money moves through multiple layers of organizations
The source may be technically disclosed but practically untraceable
Voters encounter the message long before they encounter the data
By the time transparency arrives, the influence has already done its work.
Dark money doesn’t rely on secrecy so much as opacity through complexity.
Courts have consistently protected issue advocacy because:
Political speech is broadly protected
The line between ideas and elections is hard to police
Over-regulation risks suppressing legitimate civic activity
In other words, the system tolerates dark money not because it’s admired, but because the alternative risks collateral damage to free expression.
This creates a tradeoff:
Protect speech broadly
Accept influence that is difficult to see
That tradeoff becomes more consequential the smaller and quieter the political arena is.
Which brings us to the next question.
If dark money is everywhere, why does it seem to concentrate so heavily in state and local politics?
“Dark money” sounds dramatic, like something illegal or conspiratorial.
Most of the time, it’s neither.
At its simplest, dark money is political spending where the true source of the money is hidden from the public. The spending itself is usually legal. What’s obscured is who is really behind it.
That distinction matters.
Dark money typically flows through organizations that are allowed to spend money on political causes without publicly disclosing their donors. These are often nonprofits or issue-advocacy groups rather than campaigns themselves.
The money can be used for:
Ads supporting or opposing candidates
Messaging around ballot initiatives
“Issue advocacy” that clearly benefits one side without explicitly saying “vote for” or “vote against”
By the time a voter sees the message, they often have no practical way of knowing:
Who paid for it
What larger interests might be involved
Whether the message is local, national, or purely financial in motivation
The money is “dark” not because it’s criminal, but because the light stops short of the original source.
Dark money is not:
A suitcase of cash changing hands in a back room
A single billionaire pulling puppet strings in secret
Always tied to one political party or ideology
It’s also not limited to federal elections. In fact, it often shows up more clearly in state and local politics, where disclosure rules are looser and attention is lower.
Importantly, dark money does not usually persuade people by lying outright. It persuades by selecting which truths get amplified and which questions never get asked.
Political campaigns have long been required to disclose donors. The idea is simple: if voters know who is funding a campaign, they can better judge motives and credibility.
Dark money exists because not all political spending is classified as campaign spending.
If an organization says it is:
Educating the public
Advocating on issues
Promoting values rather than candidates
…it may not be required to disclose its donors, even if the practical effect is the same as campaigning.
That gap — between influence and disclosure — is where dark money lives.
Imagine seeing an ad that says:
“Protect local jobs. Support responsible energy development.”
The ad doesn’t tell you:
Who funded it
Whether the group is local or national
Whether the real goal is jobs, regulatory relief, tax advantages, or something else
The message might be true in part. It might even be well intentioned. But without knowing who paid for it, you can’t fully evaluate why you’re seeing it, or why now.
That’s the core issue.
Dark money doesn’t usually change minds overnight. Its real power is quieter.
It can:
Shape which issues feel “normal” to discuss
Make certain outcomes feel inevitable
Discourage opposition by signaling overwhelming backing
Most importantly, it allows people who won’t live with the consequences of a decision to influence that decision anyway.
This isn’t about corruption in the movie sense. It’s about detachment — influence without accountability.
If this already feels a little murky, that’s not because you’re missing something. Complexity is not an accident here; it’s part of the design.
In the next part, we’ll look at why dark money exists at all, why it’s legal, and why simply “disclosing more” hasn’t solved the problem.
For now, the takeaway is just this:
Dark money isn’t hidden because it’s illegal.
It’s hidden because hiding works.